Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Notes Pdf

 

Carbon and it's compounds notes

• Carbon and Its Compounds".
•  Introduction to Carbon and its compounds
•  Versatile nature of Carbon 
• Bonding in Carbon Homologous series
•  Nomenclature of carbon compounds 
• Chemical properties of carbon compounds
•  Saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds 
• Ethanol and Ethanoic acid - Properties and uses 
• Soaps and detergents
•  Chemicals in food 
• Artificial sweeteners 
• Cleansing action of soap 
• Biodiesel Fossil Fuels

Introduction of carbon and it's compounds 

• Carbon is an essential element that forms the basis of all life on earth. It is a non-metallic element and belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 12.011. 

•  Carbon compounds are known as organic compounds and are essential for life as we know it. Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. These bonds allow carbon to form a wide range of compounds, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines.

•  Hydrocarbons are compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen. They are classified into two categories: saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons have single covalent bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. 

•  Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a carbon atom. Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom. Esters are organic compounds that are formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Amines are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom attached to a carbon atom. 

•  Carbon compounds play a vital role in our daily lives. They are found in fuels such as petrol, diesel, and natural gas. They are also used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic fibers, drugs, and cosmetics. Carbon compounds are also essential for the survival of living organisms as they form the basis of all organic molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Versatile nature of carbon 

 Carbon is an extremely versatile element that is essential for life on Earth. It has a unique ability to bond with other elements, including itself, to form a vast array of compounds. Here are some of the ways in which the versatile nature of carbon is seen: 

•  Organic Chemistry: Carbon is the basis of organic chemistry, which is the study of compounds containing carbon. Carbon can form covalent bonds with itself and other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens, to form a wide variety of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 

•  Allotropy: Carbon exists in several allotropes, which are different forms of the same element. These allotropes include diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes. Each of these allotropes has unique physical and chemical properties that make them useful for a wide range of applications.

•  Polymer Chemistry: Carbon is also an important element in polymer chemistry. Polymers are large molecules made up of many repeating units, and they are used to make a wide variety of products, including plastics, fibers, and adhesives. Carbon is a key element in many of these polymers.

•  Fuels: Carbon is also an important element in fuels. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are all made up of carbon compounds. When these fuels are burned, the carbon is oxidized, releasing energy in the form of heat. 

•  Environmental Science: Carbon is also an important element in environmental science. The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the biosphere. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, are altering the carbon cycle and contributing to climate change. 

 Overall, the versatile nature of carbon makes it an incredibly important element in many fields of science and technology

Carbon homologous series bonding

   Bonding in Carbon homologous series refers to a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group and follow a specific pattern in their molecular structure. The most common examples of carbon homologous series include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. 

 The bonding in carbon homologous series is primarily covalent bonding. In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to form a stable compound. Carbon is a versatile atom that can form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

 In alkanes, the carbon atoms form single covalent bonds with each other and with hydrogen atoms. This results in a tetrahedral shape with each carbon atom bonded to four other atoms.

 In alkenes, the carbon atoms form a double bond with each other. The double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond. The pi bond is weaker than the sigma bond, making the double bond more reactive than a single bond.

 In alkynes, the carbon atoms form a triple bond with each other. The triple bond consists of one sigma bond and two pi bonds. The triple bond is even weaker than the double bond, making alkynes the most reactive of the three types of compounds. 

 In summary, the bonding in carbon homologous series is primarily covalent bonding, with the specific type of covalent bonding (single, double, or triple) depending on the functional group present in the compound.

Carbon compounds nomenclature

•  Identify the longest carbon chain in the molecule (also known as the parent chain). This chain will serve as the basis for the compound's name. 

•  Number the carbon chain from the end nearest to the first branch. The carbon atoms in the chain are numbered sequentially, starting from the end nearest the branch. 

•  Identify the substituent groups attached to the parent chain. These are groups of atoms that are not part of the parent chain. Examples of substituents include methyl, ethyl, and propyl groups. 

•  Name the substituent groups using prefixes such as methyl (1 carbon), ethyl (2 carbon), propyl (3 carbon), butyl (4 carbon), etc.

•  Indicate the position of the substituent groups by giving the number of the carbon atom on the parent chain to which the substituent is attached. 

•  Write the name of the compound by putting the names of the substituent groups in alphabetical order, followed by the name of the parent chain. 

•  If there are multiple substituent groups of the same type, use prefixes such as di- (two), tri- (three), tetra- (four), etc. to indicate the number of groups. If there are multiple substituent groups at different positions on the parent chain, use commas to separate the numbers indicating their positions.

 For example, the name of a compound with a parent chain of six carbon atoms and a methyl group attached to the second carbon would be "2-methylhexane".

Carbon Compounds Properties

•  Combustibility: Carbon compounds burn in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. This is a common property of organic compounds.

•  Reactivity with acids and bases: Many carbon compounds react with acids and bases to form salts. For example, carboxylic acids react with bases to form salts called carboxylates. 

•  Polymerization: Carbon compounds can undergo polymerization, in which small molecules (monomers) combine to form a larger molecule (polymer). This process is used to make plastics and other synthetic materials. 

•  Oxidation: Many carbon compounds can be oxidized, which means they react with oxygen to form a new compound. For example, alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes or ketones. 

•  Substitution reactions: Carbon compounds can undergo substitution reactions, in which one atom or group is replaced by another atom or group. For example, in the reaction between methane and chlorine, one hydrogen atom in methane is replaced by a chlorine atom to form chloromethane.

•  Isomerism: Carbon compounds can exhibit isomerism, which means that two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. This is due to the ability of carbon atoms to form multiple bonds and branching chains.

Saturated & Unsaturated Carbon Compounds. 

 Saturated carbon compounds

 Saturated carbon compounds are those in which all the carbon atoms are bonded to each other by single covalent bonds. In other words, they are compounds in which the carbon atoms are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. The general formula for saturated carbon compounds is CnH2n+2. Examples of saturated carbon compounds include alkanes, such as methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8).

 Unsaturated Carbon Compounds:

 Unsaturated carbon compounds are those in which the carbon atoms are bonded to each other by double or triple covalent bonds. This means that they have fewer hydrogen atoms per carbon atom compared to saturated carbon compounds. The general formula for unsaturated carbon compounds is CnH2n. Examples of unsaturated carbon compounds include alkenes, such as ethene (C2H4) and propene (C3H6), and alkynes, such as ethyne (C2H2) and propyne (C3H4).

 In summary, saturated carbon compounds have only single bonds between carbon atoms and are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms, while unsaturated carbon compounds have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms and have fewer hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.

 Ethanol and Ethanoic acid - Properties and uses

  Ethanol: 

 Chemical formula: C2H5OH 

Also known as: ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol 

Properties: 

• Colourless liquid with a characteristic smell and burning taste 
• Soluble in water and many organic solvents
•  Boiling point: 78.3°C
•  Density: 0.789 g/cm³ 

Uses: 

• As a fuel and fuel additive (e.g., in gasoline)
• As a solvent in the production of perfumes, medicines, and other products
•  In alcoholic beverages as a drinkable form As a disinfectant or antiseptic agent in medical settings
•  In chemical reactions, such as in the production of ethene or as a reducing agent

 Ethanoic acid: 

 Chemical formula: CH3COOH

 Also known as: acetic acid, vinegar 

Properties: 

• Clear, colourless liquid with a pungent smell and sour taste 
• Soluble in water and many organic solvents
•  Boiling point: 118.1°C 
• Density: 1.049 g/cm³ 

Uses: 

• In food industry as a preservative, flavoring agent, and condiment (as vinegar)
•  As a solvent in the production of dyes, pigments, and plastics 
• In medical industry as a disinfectant or antimicrobial agent
•  In chemical reactions, such as in the production of cellulose acetate or esters of other organic acids Both ethanol and ethanoic acid have a wide range of uses and are important industrial chemicals.

 However, they have different properties and should be used appropriately for their intended purposes.

Soaps & Detergents: 

• Soaps: Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids. They are made by saponification of fats and oils with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Soaps are used for cleaning because they have the ability to emulsify oils and fats, which allows them to be removed from surfaces. Soaps have disadvantages like they don't work well in hard water and can leave a residue on surfaces.
•  Detergents: Detergents are synthetic compounds that are similar to soaps but are made from petroleum products. They have the ability to emulsify oils and fats, like soaps, but they work well in both hard and soft water. Detergents are also able to clean at lower temperatures, making them more energy-efficient. However, detergents have some environmental concerns due to the use of non-biodegradable surfactants in some formulations.

Chemicals in food 

•  Carbohydrates - These are the primary source of energy for the human body and are found in foods such as bread, rice, pasta, and fruits. 

•  Proteins - These are essential for building and repairing tissues in the body and are found in foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and beans. 

•  Lipids - These are fats and oils and are important for storing energy and maintaining healthy skin and hair. They are found in foods such as butter, cheese, and nuts.

•  Vitamins - These are organic compounds that are essential for maintaining good health. They are found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. 

•  Minerals - These are inorganic compounds that are important for maintaining healthy bones, teeth, and muscles. They are found in foods such as milk, meat, and vegetables.

•  Food additives - These are chemicals that are added to food to enhance its flavor, color, or texture. Some examples include artificial sweeteners, preservatives, and food coloring agents. 

 It's important to note that while many of these chemicals are essential for good health, some chemicals in food can be harmful if consumed in large quantities or over a prolonged period of time. Therefore, it's important to maintain a balanced and varied diet and to consume food products in moderation.

Artificial sweeteners 

 Artificial sweeteners are a type of sugar substitute that are designed to provide sweetness without the calories of traditional sugar. They are commonly used in foods and beverages marketed as "diet" or "low-calorie" alternatives. There are several types of artificial sweeteners, including:  

•  Aspartame: sold under the brand names Nutrasweet and Equal, aspartame is commonly used in diet sodas, chewing gum, and other low-calorie foods. It is made up of two amino acids, aspartic acid and phenylalanine. 

•  Sucralose: sold under the brand name Splenda, sucralose is commonly used in baked goods, beverages, and other low-calorie foods. It is made by modifying regular sugar so that it is not absorbed by the body.

•  Saccharin: sold under the brand name Sweet'N Low, saccharin is a sweetener that has been in use for over 100 years. It is commonly used in beverages, baked goods, and other low-calorie foods. 

•  Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K): sold under the brand names Sunett and Sweet One, Ace-K is a calorie-free sweetener that is commonly used in baked goods, beverages, and other low-calorie foods.

•  Neotame: a newer artificial sweetener that is similar to aspartame, but is much sweeter. It is commonly used in baked goods, beverages, and other low-calorie foods.

Soap Cleansing Action. 

Soap is a cleaning agent that is used to remove dirt and grime from various surfaces, including skin and clothes. The cleansing action of soap is due to its ability to dissolve in both water and oil, which allows it to effectively remove dirt and grease. 

 When soap is applied to a surface, it breaks down the oily or greasy substances into smaller droplets, which can then be easily removed by water. This process is known as emulsification. The soap molecules have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-hating) tail. The hydrophilic head attracts water molecules, while the hydrophobic tail attaches to the grease and oil molecules. This causes the grease and oil to become dispersed in the water, making it easier to wash away.

 Additionally, soap molecules are capable of forming foam, which helps to lift dirt and other particles from surfaces. The form created by soap provides a larger surface area for the soap to interact with, increasing its cleaning efficiency.

 Biodiesel Fossil Fuels 

•  Biodiesel is a type of renewable fuel that can be produced from various natural sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled cooking oil. It is a cleaner-burning alternative to fossil fuels such as diesel, which is made from crude oil. 
•  Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that are formed over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. Examples of fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. They are finite resources, meaning that once they are used up, they cannot be replenished. 
•  Biodiesel is considered a renewable resource because the plants and animals used to produce it can be grown or raised again. In contrast, fossil fuels take millions of years to form and cannot be replaced once they are depleted. 
•  Using biodiesel instead of fossil fuels can have several benefits. It can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, as biodiesel produces fewer harmful emissions than diesel. Additionally, it can reduce dependence on foreign oil imports, as biodiesel can be produced domestically.